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小编: 170l 细节题的重要性
题型 | 题目数量 |
主旨题 | 6 |
细节题 | 8-10 |
功能题 | 2-4 |
态度题 | 3-5 |
组织结构题 | 1-2 |
连接内容题 | 4-6 |
推断题 | 1-2 |
从表格里我们可以看出细节题所占的比重在所有听力题型中是最大的。所占比重大小暗示了ETS对于细节题的一个重视程度。除开细节题,在其他题型中组织结构题,连接内容题还有推断题都是根据文章中的细节来出题的,证明了细节题在托福听力考试里的重要性。那么考生能否完整抓住文章的细节才是ETS要考察的点。
l 细节题考察的重点
细节题不会和学生考高中历史一样,考几几年,几月几日,某人做了什么。托福细节题考察的是一个相对细节。那么细节题主要考点就有:解释,定义,例子,电脑屏幕上出现的词,重复出现的地方,以及态度等。
l 细节题的出题形式
l According to the professor, what is one way that X can affect Y?
l What is X?
l What resulted from the invention of the X?
l According to the professor, what is the main problem with the X theory?
l What does the professor say about X?
从这些典型问法我们可以看出细节题都是围绕文章中的一个主要细节点去提问-X。也就证明ETS问的是个主要细节。
l 解答细节题的主要原则。
1. 层次分析原则 – 文章可能以非常明确的层次来表达。
听力文章有三种文章结构:直线型,并列型,和对比型。当然为了增加考试的难度,ETS比较偏向于复合型文章结构,即几种文章结构复合在一起的形式。文章会从几个方面进行分析主要细节,通常出现在多选题。
当然分析文章层次和文章结构,我们也可以通过寻找目标和信号词来帮助答题。主要的表示并列的信号词有first, second, third, for a start, for one thing, for another, to begin with, next…。如果文章中一个理论出现好多原因,但是主要列举两三个,那么文章中可能出现以下字眼:there are various/ many reasons why…., one thing is … besides..…or else
现在我们来看个例子TPO 5 Lecture 4,文章中的布局特别清晰。
Now a number of things happen when an oral tale gets written down…
First, the language changes…
Second, when an orally transmitted story is written down, an authoritative version with a recognized author is created…
On the other hand, descriptions of characters and settings can be developed more completely…
Another interesting difference involves the change in audience…
文章中像first, second, third, on the other hand, another thing is这样的词能够很清晰明确的表明出文章结构。也有帮助于我们去做细节题。
2. 观点态度原则
一般情况下,文章中针对上下文明显的肯定或者否定的回答必考。或者对没有普遍认可的一个科研成果或者知识,容易涉及到说话人的态度及评价。那么怎么从文章里面识别态度呢?表示态度的信号词主要有:I think, I assume, to my acknowledge, according to my understanding, my personal opinion. 对于学生的回答,教授进行的一个评价。评价主要表现为:
肯定的回答:definitely, absolutely,exactly, it’s a good question,excellent question。
否定的回答:not exactly, who in this class heard me talk about…, that is a really good example, but that is called…
考生要注意的是注意听好professor在这些回答之后的解释,一定会对重要内容作同义的重复。重复强调的地方或者语气变化的地方。
3. 因果原则-文章中明显表明由某个原因导致的结果。一般是cause and effect 的形式。表示原因类的信号词:Because, because of, accordingly, be due to, considering, given, as long as, when, while, so, so that, therefore, thereby, as a result, consequently, thus, hence, so…that...表示结果类的信号词:Derive from, lead to, give rise to, on the basis of, suggest, rely on, result from, for the reason that...
4. 举例原则 – 文章中例子是托福听力中必考的点。
举例子的信号词有:For example, take ….for instance, take… as an example, for instance, like。Like考的次数较多,like容易被考生忽略,因为like这个词的音节较短,听力中如果都快了不容易分辨出来。还有一点原因就是like这个词在美国使用频率较高,即使能够分辨出文章中的like,也不容易想到其实文章用like的意思是在举例子。
其次考生要弄清楚的是文章中为什么举这个例子,即提到这个例子的支撑论点是什么。例子中的细节还有例子与例子之间的关系也是考生要根据上下文去推断出来的。
5. 比较原则 – 文章中有明显比较的地方也是托福听力中的考点,尤其是容易以表格题出现来考细节。表示对比的信号词有:Compare to, similar, similarly, different from, more than, as…as…, alike, superior to, inferior to, prior to(时间前后对比)。两事物间的对比或者同事物不同时期的特征对比都是托福听力中容易考到的对比关系。
6. 转折原则 – 转折前后表达的意思不同。有一部分的题是出现在转折信号词之后的。
明显转折词But(发音轻、重点是but 后面的内容)Yet(轻读)
But和yet跟like的用法一样,读音轻,难得分辨出来。
隐含转折词 In contract, on the other hand, not so much as..
特殊含义转折词 unexpected, surprisingly
7. 强调原则
强调的内容大部分是考点。段落中的强调句型,多是提醒学生应该注意的方面,是上课或对话强调的重点是考点。文章中重复两次以上的内容或者老师学生各重复一次的地方必考。除了内容重复,语气上的强调也是考点之一,但是不一定作为细节题考察,可能作为态度题或者句子功能题考。
表示强调的目标句型:
a. This is the first time…
b. One thing important is…/The most important thing…/one thing I must mention,
c. You should remember/notice/bear in mind/keep in mind---conversation引出建议的句型
d. You know/ I mean… Make sure, be sure,
表示强调的目标词
a. 程度副词(totally, especially, particularly),
b. 限定词(only, all), 最高级(best, most, biggest).
c. 形容词(exciting, interesting, important)
8. 特殊问句原则
特殊问句容易出现在讲座中。在讲座里经常出现的上课互动形式有三种情况:老师自问自答,师生互动,老师不停地讲内容。特殊问句原则容易出现在老师自问自答的形式中。一般老师反问设问都是起一个强调作用。
设问反问或者老师提问的一些目标句有:
a. Why is that??
b. How….?
c. Right?
d. What…..?
来看一个例子:TPO 1 Lecture 2
Professor: Ok, let’s get started. Great. Today I want to talk about a way in which we are able to determine how old a piece of land, or some other geologic feature is - dating techniques. I’m going to talk about a particular dating technique. Why? Good dating is key to good analysis. In other words, if you want to know how a land formation was formed, the first thing you probably want to know is how old it is. It’s fundamental.
Why在这起到一个引起学生注意的作用,也就是在强调这种particular dating techniques的重要性。Why后面都是在重复说明该重要性。
9. 解释原则
在讲座中,老师会提到今天讲座中要讲的重点。对于该重点的解释还有后面老师举的例子是需要重点掌握的。难点的解释说明必考(核心概念)。还有一种情况是在播放听力材料的时候,电脑界面弹出来的词汇或者词组,对于后面的解释是必考点。
考生需要掌握的目标词/句对于掌握老师的解释有以下这些:
a. The term refers to../ that is
b. Which means…,that is called…, so called…
c. That is to say…/ let’s put it this way,
d. let me make it clear/simpler
e. XX, known as,
f. XX, er, en, XX…..
10. 重复,停顿原则
重复原则跟强调原则类似,重复文章内容的根本作用也是在对内容进行强调。段落中重复两次的地方必考。重复和停顿时为了让学生弄懂并且掌握,来证明该部分的重要性(考点)。通常师生各重复一次的地方必考。重复两次的名词必考。
11. 问题原则
一般在听力中听到professor说到一个什么问题,就应该警醒,因为不是考察为什么有这个问题就是讨论怎么解决这个问题,一般都是考点
目标词:
a. the problem is that
b. What makes the thing so difficult is that…
c. But the question is ..
来看一个例子:TPO 4 Lecture 3
How about wind combined with rain? The ground of this desert is made of clay. It’s a desert, so it’s dry. But when there is the occasional rain, the clay ground becomes extremely slippery. It’s hard for anyone to stand on, walk on. Some scientists theorized that perhaps when the ground is slippery the high winds can then move the rocks. There’s a problem with this theory. One team of scientists flooded an area of the desert with water, then try to establish how much wind force would be necessary to move the rocks. And get this: you need winds of at least five hundred miles an hour to move just the smallest rocks! And winds that strong have never been recorded. Ever! Not on this planet. So I think it’s safe to say that that issues has been settled.
Here is another possibility – ice. It’s possible that rain on the desert floor could turn to thin sheets of ice when temperatures drop at night. So if rocks…uh become embedded in ice, uh … OK, could a piece of ice with rocks in it be pushed around by the wind? But there’s a problem with this theory, too. Rocks trapped in ice together would have moved together when the ice moved. But that doesn’t always happen. The rocks seem to take separate routes.
标记的地方是表示针对这个理论存在的一些问题。通过找这些目标句型可以很明确的知道这些问题是用来推翻scientist提出的一些理论。
以上就是关于解答细节题的原则。好好注意这些方面对于细节题的解答一定有帮助的。