——突破句子简化题

北美 杨诗语 dede

句子简化题作为新托福IBT的新题型，让很多烤鸭爱恨交织。爱是因为，不用花费大量的时间去文章当中找定位词，反复在各个选项中左挑右选，换句话说，这个题是托福阅读当中唯一一个完全不需要看原文就能独立完成的题；但是，对很多同学来说，面对着这样一个托福长难句当中的“战斗机”，却怎么也高兴不起来，语法，词汇，逻辑，涉及到的方方面面都是最枯燥的，再加上四个选项也是长相相似傻傻分不清，所以难倒了很多选择困难症患者。其实，如果掌握了区分逻辑关系的方法，我们的做题效率会快很多。

我们先来看看托福阅读中的句子简化题的相貌是什么样的：

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage (paragraph 4) ? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

其实，我们可以从题目中提取这样几个关键词：best，change，leave out。从这几个词里，我们就可以总结出来这样几点：1.正确选项只是最好的表达除了主干信息，并不是说其他选项就是错的；2.错误选项的一个特征是改变的原文的意思；3.错误选项遗漏的主干信息。

人生已经如此艰难的要在这么长的文章中如侦察机一样搜寻定位词，为什么不在句子简化题这种轻松愉快的题目当中节省一些时间呢？今天我们要了解的就是做句子简化题的最简单也最节约时间的一步——找准逻辑关系轻松排除掉错误选项。

在托福考试中，我们最常见的几种逻辑关系是：转折，因果，对比，并列。对，排名就是分先后顺序的！

1. 转折

信号词：but, nevertheless, however, though，even though

转折关系在中文当中翻译过来就是“但是”，这里我们需要注意的是，我们看句子的时候，还要注意转折的句子强调的对象有没有颠倒。比如：他天天去健身房健身，但是看起来还是很娘。这句话重点在后半句，看起来很娘。但是， 如果你把转折信号词前后的内容写颠倒，就成了“他看起来很娘，但是他天天去健身房”，前后顺序互换之后，句子的重点明显就发生了改变。做托福阅读当中的句子简化题也是这样，当我们一眼看出是什么逻辑关系后，接下来要关心的就是，选项句子有没有改变原文句子意思。

例如：

Hills and mountains are often regarded as the epitome of permanence, successfully resisting the destructive forces of nature, but in fact they tend to be relatively short-lived in geological terms.

A. When they are relatively young, hills and mountains successfully resist the destructive forces of nature.

B. Although they seem permanent, hills and mountains exist for a relatively short period of geological time.

C. Hills and mountains successfully resist the destructive forces of nature, but only for a short time.

D. Hills and mountains resist the destructive forces of nature better than other types of landforms.

首先，我们看到原句当中有一个“but”，所以我们可以判断这个句子当中存在有转折关系，这时候我们要做的，就是把选项当中不是转折关系的AD选项排除掉。然后，我们看原句当中，转折的两个对象分别是什么，原句前面有permanence，but后面有short time，所以，是在这两个方面进行对比，但C选项的前半部分没有体现出permanence这个信息，最后，我们可以判断B选项和原句相对应的。

2.因果

信号词：since, because, so ,as a result of/from

因果关系其实和转折是一样的道理，如果我们发现原句当中是因果逻辑关系的话，我们首先在四个选项当中排除掉非因果关系的选项。然后，因果关系的句子中，因和果的内容也是不能互换的，就像“因为托福很虐，所以我们很爱。”和“因为我们很爱，所以托福很虐。”是完全相反的意思。

例如：

The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.

A. Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people.

B. Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth that has spread over large areas of land.

C. The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort.

D. Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the vast areas affected.

原句当中，有result from，所以是因果关系的句子，这样，我们可以轻轻松松把C和D选项排除。并且，result from这个短语的前面是果，后面是因并且，后面还有“as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.”。所以说，“the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected”和“the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process”都是原因，我们只要找到选项中哪个选项是的原因是这两点的同义替换就可以了。A选项的“reverse”和“affect”是和这两点原因相对应的。

3.对比

信号词：while，whereas，rather，unlike，contrary to

看到原句当中存在对比关系的时候，我们要知道，A和B是对比关系的两个主体，所以，答案中一定要把AB的内容都包含进去。在对比逻辑关系中，常常会附带有比较逻辑关系。就是more ..than, 等等的比较级。比如：A不错，然而B更好。那么如果原句中有比较，答案中也会出现比较，不能省去。

例如：

For example, people who believe that aggression is necessary and justified—as during wartime—are likely to act aggressively, whereas people who believe that a particular war or act of aggression is unjust, or who think that aggression is never justified, are less likely to behave aggressively.

A. People who believe that they are fighting a just war act aggressively while those who believe that they are fighting an unjust war do not.

B. People who believe that aggression is necessary and justified are more likely to act aggressively than those who believe differently.

C. People who normally do not believe that aggression is necessary and justified may act aggressively during wartime.

D. People who believe that aggression is necessary and justified do not necessarily act aggressively during wartime.

我们可以看到原句当中有一个逻辑关系词whereas，表示“一类人….，有另一类人…“，所以，答案中一定要包含这两类人如何如何，不能省略任何一方。所以我们可以把CD排除掉。其次，在原句最后提到了less likely，所以，这里还有对两类人进行一个比较，然而，A选项并没有比较的因素存在，也可以排除掉。最后，我们可以坚定肯定的确定答案就是B.

4.并列

信号词：and，as well as，分号

Large wind farms might also interfere with the flight patterns of migratory birds in certain areas, and they have killed large birds of prey (especially hawks, falcons, and eagles) that prefer to hunt along the same ridge lines that are ideal for wind turbines.

A. Hawks, falcons, and eagles prefer to hunt along ridge lines, where wind turbines can kill large numbers of migratory birds.

B. Wind turbines occasionally cause migratory birds to change their flight patterns and therefore may interfere with the areas where birds of prey prefer to hunt.

C. Some of the best locations for large wind farms are places that may cause problems for migrating birds and birds of prey.

D. Large wind farms in certain areas kill hawks, falcons, and eagles and thus might create a more ideal path for the flight of migratory birds.

看到原句当中有and，所以可以迅速判断这个句子是并列关系，直接排除掉BD,因为therefore和thus表示的是因果关系。然后看原句，and前说，风力发电厂会interfere with the flight patterns of migratory birds，and后说，风力发电长会kill large birds of prey。所以，就可以总结为C选项中会cause problem，把原句当中的并列的两个原因放到cause problems的后面，确定是答案C.

其实，ETS出题方式变换多样，阅读中的句子简化题也远远不止这四种形式，当然，对于不同的句子会有不同的解题方法，只要我们掌握好解题方法，就能让我们做题效率事半功倍。如果想了解更多解题方法，就快快扫环球教育深圳学校官方微信快快加入我们吧！